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Bidayat al-Mujtahid: The Distinguished Jurist's Primer - A Classic Manual of Islamic Law
Bidayat al-Mujtahid: The Distinguished Jurist's Primer is a famous and authoritative book on the principles and methodology of Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) written by Ibn Rushd (Averroes), a prominent Muslim jurist, philosopher and scholar of the 12th century CE. The book is divided into two volumes, covering various topics of Islamic law, such as marriage, divorce, sale, partnership, inheritance, offences and judgements. The book presents the views of the four major schools of Sunni fiqh (Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i and Hanbali) as well as the minority school of Zahiri, with respect and objectivity. The book also explains the reasoning and evidence behind each ruling, showing how the jurists derived the law from the sources of Islamic legislation: the Quran, the Sunnah, the consensus (ijma) and the analogy (qiyas).
The book is considered one of the best examples of the science of ilm al-khilaf (the knowledge of variant rulings), a discipline that records and analyses the differences among Muslim jurists. The book is designed to prepare the jurist for the task of the mujtahid, the independent jurist, who derives the law and lays down precedents to be followed by the judge in the administration of justice. The book is also a valuable source for anyone interested in learning about the diversity and richness of Islamic legal thought and practice.
The book has been translated into several languages, including English, French, Spanish and Urdu. The Urdu translation is available for free download in PDF format from various websites, such as Archive.org[^1^] [^2^] and Emaanlibrary.com[^3^]. The Urdu translation is titled Badayata Al-Mujtahid wa Nahayat Al-Muqtasid and consists of 15 volumes.The Life and Legacy of Ibn Rushd (Averroes)
Ibn Rushd was born in 1126 CE in Cordoba, Spain, into a distinguished family of jurists and scholars. He received a comprehensive education in the religious sciences, such as Quranic exegesis, Hadith, law and theology, as well as in medicine and philosophy. He became a renowned physician, judge and philosopher, serving as the personal physician and adviser to the Almohad caliphs Abu Ya'qub Yusuf and his son Abu Yusuf Ya'qub. He also held the office of chief judge of Cordoba, following the footsteps of his grandfather, who was also named Ibn Rushd.
Ibn Rushd is best known for his commentaries on Aristotle's works, which he wrote at the request of the caliph Abu Ya'qub Yusuf, who was himself an avid student of philosophy. Ibn Rushd devoted himself to the task of reviving and defending Aristotelian philosophy against its critics, especially the Ash'arite theologians who rejected rational inquiry into matters of faith. Ibn Rushd wrote detailed commentaries on almost all of Aristotle's works, except for the Politics and the Poetics, as well as summaries and paraphrases for beginners. He also wrote original works on logic, metaphysics, natural philosophy, psychology, ethics and politics, in which he applied Aristotelian principles to various issues and problems. He also wrote on religion, law and medicine, demonstrating his versatility and erudition.
Ibn Rushd's philosophy is characterized by his commitment to rationalism, empiricism and moderation. He believed that reason and revelation are compatible and complementary sources of knowledge and guidance, and that philosophy is not only permissible but necessary for a deeper understanding of religion. He argued that there is only one truth, but it can be expressed in different ways according to the level of the audience. He distinguished between three types of people: the demonstrative (al-burhaniyyun), who use logical arguments and scientific proofs; the dialectical (al-jadaliyyun), who use rhetorical arguments and opinions; and the rhetorical (al-khatabiyyun), who use scriptural texts and parables. He maintained that each group should be addressed according to its own method, without confusing or contradicting them.
Ibn Rushd's philosophy had a profound impact on both the Islamic world and Europe. In the Islamic world, his works were widely read and studied by philosophers, theologians, jurists and mystics. Some of his followers formed a school known as the Averroists (al-mashsha'un), who adopted his views on various issues such as the eternity of the world, the unity of the intellect, and the double truth theory. However, his works also faced opposition and criticism from some quarters, especially from the Ash'arites and some Sufis, who accused him of heresy and unbelief. His works were banned and burned in some places, such as Baghdad and Marrakech. His influence declined after the Mongol invasion of Baghdad in 1258 CE, which marked the end of the Abbasid caliphate and the golden age of Islamic civilization.
In Europe, his works were translated into Latin and Hebrew by Jewish and Christian scholars, such as Michael Scotus, Thomas Aquinas, Siger of Brabant and Moses Maimonides. His works sparked a revival of interest in Aristotle's philosophy among European intellectuals, who regarded him as \"the Commentator\" par excellence. His works also stimulated debates and controversies on various philosophical and theological issues among Christian thinkers. Some of them adopted his views on natural law, human reason, political authority and religious tolerance. Others rejected his views on the eternity of the world, the unity of the intellect, and the double truth theory. His influence reached its peak in the 13th century CE, but declined afterwards due to the rise of scholasticism and the condemnation of his works by the Church.
Ibn Rushd died in 1198 CE in Marrakech at the age of 72. He was buried in his hometown Cordoba. He left behind a rich legacy of philosophical thought that continues to inspire and challenge scholars and seekers of wisdom across time and space. aa16f39245